Transgenic Plants and Their Applications

Transgenic Plants and Their Applications Aim of study Rice is one of the main staple foods in this world. It is particular interesting that studies be done on enhancing the rice production. There are biotic and abiotic factors that can reduce the production of rice but the aim for this study is to examine further into genes that can enhance rice tolerance towards drought as drought one of the main factors that decreases the annual production of rice in the world. In addition, genes conferring tolerance to transgenic rice will also lead to other positive phenotype effect such as salt tolerance (Hu et al., 2006), disease tolerance (Chen and Guo, 2008) and many more. The research of transgenic plants is still in its infant stage as technology progress to further extend. As this transgenic research is still new, there is a lot problem surrounding this new research and it is particularly important for one to know every aspect in transgenic rice. Aspect such as benefits and setbacks should be provided so that the aspects can be reviewed and to find a balance point. Balance point is where the benefit will overweight the setbacks. Furthermore, review would be more wholesome and informative and the information provided will lead to invoking thought of scientists that are interested to study further in the transgenic field. Rice Production According to Food and Argriculture Association (FAO) of United Nation, rice is the second largest produced cereal in the world. Around 350 million tons of rice was produced in the early 1990s and by the end of the century it had reached 410 million tons. Asia countries are the major rice producer in the world (90%) with China and India producing one-third of global population supply (ref?). Currently, rice is grown and harvested on every continent except Antarctica, where conditions are not suitable for rice growth. Other major rice producer includes India, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Philipine, and Bangladesh. Currently, more than 550 million tons of rice is produced annually around the globe. Few thousands of new strains of rice are produced till today. That includes those grown in the wild and those which are cultivated as a crop. Globally, more than 3 billion people from Asia and other countries depend on rice (Oryza sativa) as their staple food, and by 2025 at least 60% more rice must be produced to meet the demands of the growing human population (Yarasi et al., 2008). Currently, rice yield around the world are just barely enough to support the people that depend on rice as food (Karaba et al., 2007). This problem has become worrying because food shortage related to rice may escalate out of control and sends billions into starvation. Factors affecting rice production This shortage may be caused by biotic and abiotic factor (Capell et al., 2004). Plants had to face periodic or unpredictable biotic and abiotic stresses, such as salt, drought, cold, pests, and disease. The most significant abiotic stresses faced by plant are high salt environment and drought. These stresses inhibit crop growth and development and usually result in plant death. As crops fail, the production of food will decrease accordingly. Biotic Interference Production of rice is negatively impacted by numerous biotic factors includes insect infestation and microorganism invasion. An approximate 52% of the global production of rice is lost annually owing to the damage caused by biotic factors, of which around 21% is attributed to the attack of insect pests (Brookes and Barfoot, 2003). Insects belonging to plant hopper (Delphacidae) and leaf hopper (Cicadellidae) are hard to control and monitor. So, a lot of rice yield are lost due to insect infestation. Insects not only cause direct losses to the agricultural produce but also act as vectors for various plant pathogens that causes disease (Dahal et al., 1997; Foissac et al., 2000)The most known pests of rice are viz, brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH), green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens, GLH) and whitebacked planthopper (Sogatella furcifera, WBPH) are known to cause severe damage. They have a hugh appetite for plant sap, and in large numbers, they can suck the sap of plants to the point where plants will lose important nutrient in sap and die. They also act as vectors for major viral diseases (Yarasi et al., 2008). Abiotic Interference Plants are non motile organism and needs to find suitable environment to continue on growing. Sometimes the environmental conditions are not suitable for them. So the challenge is the plants had to adapt to its environment by some biological mechanisms that are able to help plants to flourish in stressful environment. They manage to do so by series of event. First sensing a stress, and then signaling the stress through a series of components, leading to activation of a large number of stress-related genes and synthesis of a variety of functional proteins. This includes transcription factors, enzymes, molecular chaperones, ion channels, and transporters (Zhou et al., 2009). Functional proteins helps the plant can change in their physiological and metabolic reaction according to the stress endured. This ensure the plant continue to triumph in stressful abiotic environment (Bray, 1997). Counter Measures There are numerous physical ways to counter these problems. For example, pesticides can be use for the prevention of insect infestation. However, this counter measures are not without any negative consequences. Chemical control of insect pests is an effective method but not efficient. Pesticides cause a lot more today and the usage depends mainly on the weather conditions. Uncontrolled usage of chemical pesticides will not only build up resistance in insect pests but also affect other beneficial organisms such as pollinators, nutrient cyclers and natural pest-controlling predators (Yarasi et al., 2008). They can pollute the environment and as well as depleting other natural minerals of soil. As to solve drought problems on plants growth, government had tried counter measure such as cloud seeding. Cloud seeding Cloud seeding works by the use of airplanes to spray expensive chemicals such as silver salt into the sky in hope for rain. Cloud seeding is not preferred method to reduce the effect of drought on food production because the silver salt used are very expensive and success percentage of seeding clouds are very low. Now scientists are looking forward in finding the best solution to increase the production of rice. The most interesting and the most widely studied is the t ransgenic method. Transgenic Approach Transgenic comes from the word trans-gene, which means introduction of foreign gene that is consider beneficial to the wild type species. Any foreign genes that are considered a help to confer stability of rice to environmental stress are being studied. Genetic enhancement of rice through conventional methods is often constrained by narrow gene pools. So, transgenic technology can be used as better alternative approach for hybridization of wild species genes with foreign gene to produce a better rice species in term of survivability in nature (Yarasi et al., 2008). With current advancement in biotechnology, we can look forward to produce transgenic rice that can have higher survival chance from biotic and abiotic interference. Beneficial Transgenic Effect In Rice Through transgenic method, rice will be more resistant to diseases and insects when foreign genes are introduced into the wild type rice gene to express certain proteins that repel insects (Yarasi et al., 2008). For example, is the introduction of Tobacco OPBP1 gene into rice may improve the disease resistance of rice (Chen and Guo, 2008) and the introduction of Allium sativum leaf lectin gene into rice to repel sap-sucking insect (Yarasi et al., 2008). Besides that, rice will become more likely to survive abiotic catastrophe such as drought and high salinity condition as introduction of new genes confers the ability of rice to mediate metabolic ways to react to these stresses. For example, insertion of Arabidopsis HARDY (HRD) gene in rice improves water use efficiency, the ratio of biomass produced to the water used, by improving photosynthetic assimilation and reducing transpiration (Karaba et al., 2007). There is also the insertion of Triticum aestivum salt tolerance-related gene (TaSTRG) derived from salt-tolerant wheat mutant RH8706-49 enhances salt and drought tolerance of rice (Zhou et al., 2009). Other than that, transgenic process can be used to insert a bacterial chlorocatechol dioxygenase gene into rice so that rice plants are able to degrade pesticides (chlorinated compounds) to less harmful form. Several herbicides and pesticides containing chlorinated compounds have been used and have spread in the environment. They will destroy the delicate balance of nature by many ways. If left unattended, the environment will have some non reversible consequences. Therefore, bio-remediation of these chemical compounds will be a powerful technique to degrade chlorinated pollutants in soil. Transgenic rice plants that express foreign genes encoding enzymes to degrade chlorinated chemical compounds would enable farmers to remove these harmful chemical compounds from soil and water surrounding the fields (Alexander, 1981). By applying transgenic research, rice pla nt can be further enhanced to be able to survive stresses and as well to help remediate the environment. Indirectly, the rice production will also increase so that food crisis will not happen. The Super Green Rice Project Currently, scientific community are on the verge to produce transgenic rice called Super Green Rice which possesses numerous beneficial properties such as resistances to multiple insects and diseases, high nutrient efficiency, and drought resistance (Zhang, 2009). So this new kind of hybrid rice are hoped to reduce the consumption of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and water. Super Green Rice also needs to have high yield quality regardless of multiple stress environments (Zhang, 2009). For this production of Super Green rice to realized, they are undergoing enormous efforts to focus on identifying allthe hereditarymaterialin a single species and discovering genes for resistance to diseases and insects, nitrogen and potassium use efficiency, drought resistance, grain quality, and yield. The steps adopted include screening of germplasm collections and mutant libraries, gene discovery and identification, microarray analysis of differentially regulated genes under stressed conditions, and functional test of candidate genes by transgenic test (Zhang, 2009). Genes that are considered beneficial to the production of rice are now been isolated and are gradually incorporated into wild type rice gene. It is anticipated that such strategies and efforts would eventually lead to the development of Green Super Rice (Zhang, 2007). Problem of transgenic plant in food Transgenic research seems to have a bright and brilliant prospect ahead to help solve the world food crisis problems, but, the introduction of foreign genes into wild type rice does not come without any major public concern (Yarasi et al., 2008). In all new scientific projects worldwide, there will be problems because of the technologies and knowledge is yet to be fully explored. There are some worries that the lack of transgenic effect on food crop may have negative consequences. For example, effect of the transferred foreign toxic gene such as the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insect-resistance gene to other species other than rice (Yarasi et al., 2008). This induces the rice to produces endotoxin to repel insect from eating the crops. This Bt gene inserted into food crop can help to reduce insect destruction and increase the food yield, but, there are concerns that the inserted gene into food crops will have adverse effect on the nutrient quality of crops produced (Yarasi et al., 20 08). The gene may induce the plant to undergo different metabolic process and produces toxic substances as by-product. Although with the insertion of Bt gene into rice will increase its yield, but the rice produced are not suitable for human consumption. This may cause the crops produced not fit to be consumed. Transgenic Plant and Environment Concerns Through the introduction of transgenic plant in our environment, scientist began to think about the consequences that might occur. There is concern about the consequences of transgene escape to wild type relatives. Transgenic plants have genes that are different from the wild type gene but both transgenic and non-transgenic plants are still able to communicate and transfer genes (Lu and Yang, 2009). Communicate in this term means the ability to interbreed with each other. So, the transgene can flow to the wild type species. There are three pathways for gene flow to occur which is pollen-mediated, seed-mediated and vegetative propagule-mediated gene flow (Lu and Yang, 2009). Transgenes can escape from a genetically modified (GM) crop to its wild relative species via pollen-mediated gene flow. There are many factors that can affect the pollen-mediated gene flow such as wind, animal, water current and other factors. Moreover, types of vectors for pollination and environmental conditions , such as the strength, and direction of wind, temperature, light intensity, and air humidity, will also influence pollen-mediated greatly (Lu and Yang, 2009). It is natural to have pollen-mediated gene flow because it helps in plant evolution. However, the movement of transgenes from genetically modified plant to wild type species may have adverse effect. This is because wild or weedy plants that acquire transgenes will continue to evolve, subject to natural and artificial selection in the agricultural ecosystem and beyond, posing potential ecological consequences (Lu and Yang, 2009). Once transgenes have moved into populations of wild or weedy species, it is nearly impossible to remove them from the environments if the transgenes can persist and spread in the populations. Different consequences will arise if the wild type relatives acquire transgene from genetically modified plant relative. If the transgene is able to confer favorable traits such as pest resistance, drought tolera nce, and enhanced growth ability, the transgene followed by gene flow would persist to and quickly spread in the populations of wild relatives through introgression. Then individual plants which contain the transgene are out surviving the individuals without the transgene in natural selection. This will indirectly increase the invasiveness of transgenic plant and sooner or later, the habitat will be filled with transgenic species rather than the wild type species (Lu and Yang, 2009). On the other side, if the transgene reduces the survivability of wild relatives, the frequencies of individuals that contain the disadvantageous transgene will decrease gradually. This process will cause the extinction of local populations by the so-called swarm effect (Ellstrand and Elam, 1993). Therefore, transgenes escape via pollen-mediated gene flow from a GM crop to populations of wild relatives and its ecological impacts have been a major concern. Another concern over transgene escape from GM ric e to its wild relatives is for the consequences of genetic diversity. The presence of transgenes in the germplasm of wild rice relatives may represent a form of pollution. It is theoretically possible that strong selection for fitness enhancing transgenes could generate selective sweeps, in which portions of the crop genome that are linked to these transgenes displace corresponding portions of wild genomes (Lu and Yang, 2009). This can be particular dangerous as the transgenic plant displaces its wild type relatives, the gene pool will be less diverse. So, if there is a new disease caused by new type of bacteria or viruses, and coincidently the transgenic plants lack of gene to fight off the disease, the whole population of the plant species are endangered of being wipe out and becomes extinct. Besides that, with the reduction of gene variety, there will be surely affect the plants natural evolution. As gene pool decreases, the evolution of transgenic plant in the future will not be as vary and diverse as the plants of wild type gene. The newly introduced transgenic rice may alter the soil composition and its microbes community due to its different physiological need compared to its native species. These might render the soil useless and unsuitable for other plants to grow in. Transgenic plant and health concerns Majority of people are starting to get worried about the consequences of the transgenic genomes transferred into the native species and other major complication caused. Those complications include health concerns where foreign genes are transferred into the rice gene may cause health complication. Some scientists have argued that protein products are not the only potential source of toxicity in transgenic plants (Connor and Jacobs, 1999). An experiment had been conducted when researchers fed rats either wild-type, wild-type containing lectin or transgenic potatoes expressing the lectin protein. Lectins are of commercial interest because of their pesticidal properties. The result shows that only the transgenic potato-fed group experienced physiological changes such as intestinal damage and they concluded that the genetic transformation process itself caused the observed complications. By getting the result from the rats, we can subsequently predict the analogous effect of unsuitable t ransgene on human health. Humans health is in great danger if they consume such transgenic crop. Other than that, people around the world are more alerted to the food safety of GM food that introduces allergens into the food supply. The allergenicity of the GM food is determined by the allergenicity of the substance. This means that gene products that are not allergenic normally will not become allergenic when expressed in a transgenic plant. For example, plant ferritin has no allergy cases reported, so, transgenic iron-enriched rice that contains the plant ferritin gene (Goto et al., 1999) poses no allergenicity risk. On the other side, if the gene product is a known allergen, then it will also be an allergen in a transgenic plant. As an example, when a Brazil nut albumin was expressed in soybean to boost methionine content, it resulted in nut-allergic individual reacted to the transgenic soybean(Nordlee et al., 1996). Therefore, people with an allergy to Brazil nuts would now also be allergic to those GM soybeans, even though they were not allergic to native soybean before. Ho wever, allergenicity of food is much more complicated when the allergenicity of a transgenic protein is unknown. For example, if a substance is not tested for allergenicity before, then the question may be asked if people started to consume food with the unknown substance, will they develop food allergy. There are more than 200 food allergens have been identified and sequenced (Gendel, 1998), but there is no definite sequence of protein are determined to be the source of allergenicity. Most known food allergens are stable to digestion (Ashwood et al., 1996). Therefore, proteins digestion stability test in the digestive process environment is one way to identify potential allergens. It is unlikely to reach immune cells to cause a hypersensitivity response if a protein is degraded in the stomach and small intestines. Stable proteins should be examined further. These experiments can be coupled with a comparison of sequence similarity to known allergens. Novel proteins with a significan t sequence similarity can be tested for reactivity with serum from subjects who are allergic to the homologous allergen. Although these tests may not be comprehensive in identifying potential allergenicity, the limited variety of source foods suggests that the vast majority of transgene proteins will be safe for consumption (Lehrer et al., 1996). More than 90% of the people who have food allergies are allergic to one or more of either cows milk, wheat, nuts, legumes, eggs or seafood. Transgenic plant and effect on non target species Transgenic crops that express insecticidal transgenes to control agricultural pests may also affect non-target organisms (Hilbeck et al., 1998; Losey et al., 1999; Saxena et al., 1999). Studies using corn transformed with a Bt-insecticidal transgene have non-target effects. For example, Lacewings (Chrystoperla carnea), an insect predator, suffered from higher death rates by feeding on corn destructive insect, European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) reared on Bt corn. The result shows lower and more significant less death rate using corn borers raised on non-Bt-transformed plants (Hilbeck et al., 1998). However, this was a laboratory study. It would seem a low probability for lacewings to be exposed to European corn borers that have ingested Bt toxin in the field. In another study, Monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus) that consumed milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) leaves dusted with Bt-containing corn pollen had decreased feeding, growth and survival rates, compared to larvae that consumed leaves with non-transgenic corn pollen (Losey et al., 1999). This result may indicate that the usefulness of some genes to deter some destructive insect may have some adverse and unwanted consequences of other species within the food chain. This indirectly will cause some species to be greatly in danger by this newly introduced transgenic plant. If the problem persisted, some species affect maybe extinct and then it will generate cascade of negative effec t on the fragile natural food chain. Transgenic plant and resistance issue There is also the issue of insect developing resistance to the transgenic plant and thus render the transgenic plants useless. For example, the diamondback moth, an important pest to Brassica crops worldwide, was the first documented pest to develop resistance to Bt toxins applied as microbial formulations in open-field populations (Tabashnik, 1994). Until now, there is no dominantly inherited Bt resistance genes have been documented. Using this information, various resistance management strategies have been proposed to delay the resistance building by insect, with plantation of a high expressing transgenic plant coupled with a non-transgenic plant (Shelton et al., 2000). The non-transgenic plant allows Bt-susceptible pests to survive on the field population and mate with Bt-resistant individuals. The goal of this strategy is to keep the recessive Bt resistance genes at low levels in the target populations and thus limit the rate at which the entire population will acquire Bt resista nce. The effectiveness of this strategy depends on the population size (Shelton et al., 2000). Transgenic plant and ethical issue Besides that, there are also some ethical issues where transgenic rice contains foreign genes that cannot be consumed. For example, the vegetarian will think twice before consuming the transgenic rice containing animal genes inside the transgenic rice. There is a strong sense of consumerism where consumers want to know what is in their food. Transgenic plant and its economic issue Economically, there are also a few setbacks regarding the production cost and the research cost for the transgenic rice. It is true that the transgenic rice will give us more yields but there are some worries that the money needed for the production and research of transgenic rice may overcome the benefit. As commercial crops are the main applicator for transgenic research, it may be hindered to progress in poor nation. So indirectly, the transgenic rice project might be not economically feasible. However, there is still no exact amount that can be taken into account but there is a bright prospect that the benefit of higher yield will overcome the cost needed. Transgenic rice is something to look forward to in the future because it may put a stop to the world food crisis. By mastering transgenic technology, there is a hope where the perfect rice plants can be produced greatly without much interference abiotically or biotically. It also have good prospect for better future study of alteration of rice nutritional value to suit the ever more demanding human population.

Answers To Digestion Review Questions

Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? 4. The diagram below represents a plant cell. 7. Base your answer to the following question on Which activity is illustrated in the diagram of an mamba shown below? A) congestion C) respiration For the process of photosynthesis, the arrow labeled A would most likely represent the direction of movement of B) synthesis D) ingestion 8. The diagram below represents a sequence of events that occurs in living things. Carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy oxygen, sugar, and solar energy carbon dioxide, oxygen, and heat energy sugar, water, and heat energy 5.Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents a cross section of a plant Structure. Letter X represents Which letter indicates the region where most photosynthesis takes place? 6. All of the cell shapes shown in the diagrams below have the same volume. Which form could absorb nutrients most efficiently and quickly? A) inorganic molecules B) organic molecules C) biological catalysts D) simple sugars 9. The diagram below represents a series of events that occur in living cells. Which molecule is indicated by X? A) glucose C) carbon dioxide B) AT p D) protein 12.Base your answer to the following question on Which process is illustrated in the diagrams below? A) circulation C) peristalsis B) absorption Base your answers to questions 13 through 15 on on the diagram below of the human digestive system and on your knowledge of biology. 10. The diagram below represents a beaker containing a solution of various molecules involved in digestion. Which structures represent products of digestion? A) A and D C) B and E B) B and C D) D and E 1 1 . Which process increases the surface area of foods prior to chemical digestion? Hydration synthesis excretion mechanical digestion diffusion 13. In which structure does the initial hydrolysis (chemical digestion) of carbohydrates occur? 14. From which structure are glucose and amino acids normally absorbed into the circulatory system (the blood)? 15. In which structure does extracurricular(outside of the cell) chemical digestion of protein begin? 16. Before starch can enter a cell, it must be absorbed by simple sugars diffused into simple sugars digested to form simple sugars actively transported by simple sugars 17.Which molecule can diffuse from the digestive tract not the human bloodstream without first being digested? A) protein C) fat B) starch D) glucose 18. Teeth chewing food into smaller digestible pieces is known as chemical digestion circulation regulation 19. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents a portion of the human body. The principal function of structure X is to produce salivary enzymes secrete sex hormones absorb water digest bile 20. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and graph below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram represents the human digestive system. Pepsin and trying are human digestive enzymes. The graph indicates that pepsin would function best in the A) mouth B) stomach C) small intestine 21 . Which structures secrete chemicals utilized for the completion of digestion within the small intestine? Liver and pancreas slumberous and villa esophagi and alveoli gallbladder and pharynx 22. Which foods should be included in a balanced diet as a good source of roughage? Red meat and poultry fresh fruits and vegetables eggs and milk products animal fat and plant oil 23.If a person was unable to break down food particles into molecules that loud be absorbed by the body, you would predict A) there is a malfunction with the digestive system B) there is a malfunction with the excretory system C) there is a malfunction with the reproductive system D) there is a malfunction with the circulatory system D) large intestine 24. Feces is usually about 40 percent water and 60 percent solid matter. Reducing the water content to 20 percent would most likely r esult in A) ulcers C) diarrhea B) appendicitis D) constipation 25.Base your answer to the following question on select the organ, chosen from the diagram below, that is most loosely related to that malfunction. A painful condition results from erosion of the surface of this organ by gastric juices. 26. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms. The substance labeled â€Å"catalyst† is also known as A) a hormone C) an antibody B) an enzyme D) an inorganic compound 27. Base your answer to the following question on In the reaction illustrated in the diagram below, which structure represents the enzyme? 28.

Lufthansa: to Hedge or Not to Hedge

LUFTHANSA: TO HEDGE OR NOT TO HEDGE 1. If the DM/US$ exchange rate were 2. 4DM/US$ in January 1986, what would be the all in cost of the aircraft purchase under each alternative? What would be the all in cost of the aircraft purchase under each alternative if the exchange rate were 3. 4DM/US$? Consider both fully hedging the cost and hedging exactly one half of the cost (why may you only want to hedge part of the purchase price? ). 1. Do nothing and wait and see what the exchange rate is like in January 1986. 500,000,000 USD x 2. 4DM/USD = 1,200,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1200 million DM. 2. Cover the purchase price using forward contracts. If the company use forward contracts they have the obligation to perform, i. e. they have to buy the amount they have agreed upon in one year for the forward rate of 3. 20 DM/USD. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD = 1,600,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1600 million DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: (250,000,000 USD x 2. DM/USD) + (250,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD) = 1,400,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1400 million DM. 3. Cover the cost using foreign currency put options A put option gives Lufthansa the right to sell the DM at 3. 20 DM/USD in one year. Even if they don’t exercise the option they have to pay the 6 % premium. The DM has appreciated in relation to the USD and the pu t option is therefore out-of-the money and Lufthansa will not use the option. But they will have to pay for the premium. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 x 3. DM/USD x 0. 06 = 96,000,000 DM 500,000,000 USD x 2. 4DM/USD + 96,000,000 DM = 1,496,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1496 million DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 250,000,000 x 3. 2DM/USD x 0. 06 = 48,000,000 DM 500,000,000 USD x 2. 4DM/USD + 48,000,000 DM =1,448,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1448 million DM 4. Borrow DM to buy USD dollars today and invest them for one year In this strategy Lufthansa lock in the price at today’s spot exchange rate. They could repay the loan using the funds to be available for the purchase in one year. In January 1985 the spot exchange rate was 3. 17 DM/USD, the Eurocurrency U. S. dollar one year interest rate was 9. 5625 percent and the Eurocurrency one year deutschmark interest rate was 6. 3125 percent. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 500 million USD today and invest them for one year. 500,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 456,360,525 USD 456,360,525 USD x 3. 17 = 1,446,662,864 DM Interest rate on the money in the end of the year: 1,446,662,864 DM x 1. 63125 = 1,537,983,458 DM Total all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,537,983,458 DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 250 million USD today and invest them for one year. 250,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 228,180,262 USD 228,180,262 USD x 3. 17 ? 723,331,431 DM Interest rate on the money in the end of the yea r: 723,331,431 DM x 1. 063125 = 768,991,728 DM Cost of the aircraft purchase: 250,000,000 USD x 2. 4 DM/USD + 768,991,728 = 1,368,991,728 DM Total all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,368,991,728 DM. What would be the all in cost of the aircraft purchase under each alternative if the exchange rate were 3. 4DM/US$? Consider both fully hedging the cost and hedging exactly one half of the cost (why may you only want to hedge part of the purchase price? ) 1. Do nothing and wait and see what the exchange rate is like in January 1986. 500,000,000 USD x 3. 4DM/USD = 1,700,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1700 million DM. 2. Cover the purchase price using forward contracts. If the company use forward contracts they have the obligation to perform, i. e. hey have to buy the amount they have agreed upon in one year for the forward rate of 3. 20 DM/USD. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD = 1,600,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1600 million DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: (250,000,000 USD x 3. 4DM/USD) + (250,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD) = 1,650,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1650 million DM. 3. Cover the cost using foreign currency put options A put option gives Lufthansa the right to sell the DM at 3. 20 DM/USD in one year. Even if they don’t exercise the option they have to pay the 6 % premium. The DM has depreciated in relation to the USD and therefore the option is in-the-money and Lufthansa will use the option. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: 500,000,000 USD x 3. 2 DM/USD x 1. 06 = 1696,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1696 million DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: (250,000,000 USD x 3. DM/USD) + (250,000,000 USD x 3. 2DM/USD x 1. 06) = 1,698,000,000 DM The cost of the aircraft purchase will be 1698 million DM. 4. Borrow DM to buy USD dollars today and invest them for one year In this strategy Lufthansa lock in the price at today’s spot exchange rate. They could repay the loan using the funds to be available for the purchase in one year. In January 1985 the spot exchange rate was 3. 17 DM/USD, the Eurocurrency U. S. dollar one year interest rate was 9. 5625 percent and the Eurocurrency one year deutschmark interest rate was 6. 3125 percent. If they fully hedging the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 500 million USD today and invest them for one year. 500,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 456,360,525 USD 456,360,525 USD x 3. 17 = 1,446,662,864 DM Interest rate on the money in the end of the year: 1,446,662,864 DM x 1. 063125 = 1,537,983,458 DM Total all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,537,983,458 DM. If they choose to hedging exactly one half of the cost the all in cost of the aircraft purchase will be: Borrow DM to buy 250 million USD today and invest them for one year. 250,000,000 USD/1. 095625 ? 228,180,262 USD 28,180,262 USD x 3. 17 ? 723,331,431 DM Interest rate on the money in the end of the year: 723,331,431 DM x 1. 063125 = 768,991,728 DM Cost of the aircraft purchase: 250,000,000 USD x 2. 4 DM/USD + 768,991,728 = 1,368,991,728 DM Total all in cost of the aircraft purchase 1,368,991,728 DM. 2. Which alternative would you choose and why? I would not choose the first alternative and l eave the amount unhedged since an appreciate of the USD against DM could change the all in cost rapidly and hence the profit. It is important to design the hedging policy based on the belief about future circumstances. If Lufthansa really believes that the exchange rate will move in a profitable they could profit by leaving the amount unhedged. But it can be hard to predict future exchange rates and that is why a lot of companies choose to drive safe by ensuring their future financial situation through hedging. If Lufthansa would hedge all its currency risk they also take a risk and that is why I would choose to hedge only a part of the currency risk. Another aspect is that creditors’ might not like that Lufthansa is unhedged and they might also receive better interest rates if they are hedged. But of this we do not know. Lufthansa can’t borrow any more money so we can start with excluding the forth option, i. e. the money market hedge. The put option provides the lowest all in cost if exercised but at the same it also provides the highest cost when not exercised. I know from a lecture that options were commonly used by airlines foremost to hedge against fuel prices but that they have become quiet expansive so that, at least Southwest Airlines, now days use collars instead. The money market hedge works exactly like a forward hedge and I think we have narrowed the alternatives down to the forward hedge.

The Key Events of American History and Their Impact on...

Key Historical Events Introduction In American history, the time period before the Civil War (i.e. 1800 to 1861) marked an era of tremendous changes. What was happening is the country was rapidly expanding westward and industrializing. This created problems about how to solve a host of issues ranging from: slavery to states rights. To fully understand what is happening requires focusing on: key events / issues that led to the rise of the Republican Party and the consequences / transformations of Lincolns presidency. Together, these different elements will show how a series of incidents redefined America and what it stood for. This thesis statement will underscore the way these shifts occurred and the long term impact they are having on society. What were the key historical events and decisive issues that led to the rise and decline of the national Democratic Party and the emergence of the Republican Party? The key events that led to the rise of the Republican Party were slavery and preserving the Union. What happened is the issue of slavery created vast divisions inside America. This is because the Northern part of the country was experiencing tremendous amounts of industrialization. Over the course of time, this reduced the need for additional human labor. Moreover, many individuals in the region were from: strong Christian backgrounds and believed that it should be outlawed. (Foner, 2008, pp. 317 45) As a result, runaway slaves found safe havens in the North. AtShow MoreRelatedThe British Enlightenment And The American Revolution1538 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution was a product of the British Enlightenment as well as both American and British history. The Enlightenment was age of innovation taking place dur ing the 17th and 18th centuries. During this period there were great advancements in science that pushed back religious superstitions, as well as developments in economics and political thinking. (lecture) The British Enlightenment specifically had a large impact on the American Revolution with key figures such as John Locke. HisRead MoreHistorical Events And Their Impact On The World952 Words   |  4 PagesMajor Historical Events and Their Impact on the World We Live In Today The world we live in today has been shaped by certain events in the past. The Industrial Revolution during the 18th to 19th century, the Industrialization of the 20th century, World War I and World War II, all left traces and have greatly impacted the way we live in today particularly out living standard. The goal of the paper is to discuss the effects of these historical events on the way we live in terms of living standardsRead MoreLgbt Community And The Community1240 Words   |  5 Pageslesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgenders. The LGBT community organizes a lot of support and movement for civil rights all around the world, for example, parades. The paper in mind for this integrative project will be discussing about how North Americans became more approachable to be acceptant towards the LGBT community mainly concentrating in Canada and the United States. This topic is relevant for the world we live in since; the LGBT community is a big part of our culture and these individualsRead MoreTurmoil During The Civil Rights Era843 Words   |  4 Pages TURMOIL DURING THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA Salma Nawar History Mr. Germaneri May 12, 2015 Nawar 1 Assassinations in American history have had a great impact on the social system. Upheavals based on opinion within a society cause chaos and discourse. Assassinations have major consequences not just on the country in question, but on everyone. For example, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to the United States entering World War I. The United States didn’t want to enterRead MoreImpact Of War On Society And The Economy899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of War As soon as there were men, there was war. The history of warfare can be traced all the way back to one of the earliest known civilizations, Mesopotamia. Since the development of organized city-states, warfare has been used to settle disputes, including disagreements over land, resources, and religious beliefs. The United States has a long history of warfare in its 224-year history, starting with its fight for independence. Each war fought has had a profound impact on the courseRead MoreClaude Mckay s Influence On American Culture1266 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat deal more. With all the different race and cultures in the country, it has shaped the American perception and identity. When a person of a certain ethnic background, gender, sexual preference, even religious view writes it is only natural for their heritage, culture and racial influence to be present. This is what makes the work powerful. As in that of Claude McKay, because of him being an African American writer his work offers a new method of considering and appreciating what it entailed toRead MoreThe Color Line : Mass Media And Systemic Racism1258 Words   |  6 Pagesdiagnosis for the problems about racialized identities of his time and is still applicable for the Twenty-first century. Du Bois’s â€Å"problem of the color line† can be seen operating in the dominant media coverage of recent events of excessive police brutality directed toward African Americans. â€Å"The problem of the color line† is still evident in the 21st century with institutionalized racism and discrimination which continue to oppress people of color. In this paper first I will outline Du Bois definitionRead MoreEssay on Sports and Politics1311 Words   |  6 Pagesinappropriate in the arena of sports, but actually antithetical to it, Zirin says. We want so much to see sports solely as an arena of play, not seriousness. But heres the thing, this can cheapen not only the greatness and relevance of sports to us as a society, but also the courage of the athletes . The pursuit of fame, wealth and status can blind the human conscience, which is why it is important for us to encourage athletes to voice their opinions. As a nation, we should not silence our athletes, becauseRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis1690 Words   |  7 PagesConflict of political ideologies is something that was present since the dawn of American history. The American revolt against the arrogant, totalitarian regime set a precedent for the future events in which the nation came together to oppose anything that went against the concept of democracy, and capitalism. Communism, or Marxism posed as a huge threat to the free mined Western societies, thus resulting in world wars that left perilous aftermaths, and bred an ongoing conflict between the two globalRead MoreAfrican Of African American Culture1572 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no doubt that African Americans have a rich cultural background and history like the many different ethnic groups who settled in the New World, whose origins lie in another country. For this reason, America was known as the melting pot. However, the backgrounds of each of these cultures were not always understood or, in the case of African Americans, accepted among the New World society and culture. Americans were ignorant to the possibility of differences among groups of people until information

Personal Philosophy My Philosophy - 1257 Words

Personal Philosophy My nursing philosophy is helping people in terms of humanistic care, that I discovered it when I was a fourth year nursing student. From my philosophy, I desired to be a family and community health nurse. Since I became a nursing student, I never considered that I needed to have a nursing philosophy to navigate my career. I practiced in hospitals about three years, which I got both negative and positive experiences. In particular, I figured out that working in hospitals persuade me to be a robot. There are three reasons that I discovered that I should not work in the hospitals. Firstly, I spent all my working time to do merely routine jobs, without any creative activities or critical thinking. A large number of patients in my responsibilities and timetable controlled me. Secondly, when I saw patients pass away in front of me, I had no emotional response any longer. I felt that it is a normal phenomenon. Thirdly, it is worse when I imagine that I have to spend more than 50% of my life, holding crying people, ill people, and patients at the end stage of life. I ask myself repeatedly what I want to be. I found my answer that I want to be a nurse who cares people with humanistic care. Metaparadigm of Nursing My metaparadigm of nursing addresses four concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing. Concept definitions are as follows. Person A person in my philosophy is a client because some people are healthy one that should not call them asShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy Of Philosophy968 Words   |  4 Pagesway of thinking and reasoning. In my studies I have learned that philosophy is the study of knowledge, reality, and human existence. Socrates once said, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† I agree with this statement, because I believe any intellectual person must question the world around them. Questioning different aspects of life is a vital way to gain knowledge. During my search for knowledge, I began to develop my own personal philosophy. Our philosophies are largely based off of our perceptionsRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Philosophy902 Words   |  4 PagesStatement of Philosophy My personal philosophy its important for me that I stay true to my personal, moral and ethical values that has followed me throughout my life. The American Nursing Association stats â€Å" The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the responsibility to preserve integrity and safety, to maintain competence and to continue personal and professional growth†. (American Nurse Association, 2011, p. 7) Jean Watson says that nursing should be â€Å"concerned with theRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy958 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Æ' My philosophy is to do something I love. I realized that teaching was my passion by experiencing many other things that weren’t. I tried to immerse myself in other topics, such as business but it just did not feel right to me. By pursing education I can do something I love every day. I believe it is very important to have a strong passion and knowledge in the field you choose to follow. From my past experiences, to educate one another, one must have a strong backbone so the students know whatRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy2538 Words   |  11 Pageswould treat all of my stuffed animals with various cuts or â€Å"boo boos†. However, this dream I had continued to stay with me as I grew older, but the complexity of my dream began to change. I still had the mentality of wanting to heal others, but the reasons behind it began to develop and this can be shown through my personal philosophy. Defining my personal philosophy begins with incorporating my prof essional philosophy. I believe that my personal and professional philosophy is congruent in thatRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy929 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Philosophy My whole life I have wanted to teach. Ever since watching my kindergarten teacher write on the chalk board, create fun activities, and grade papers I knew I wanted to teach. My motives have changed since that time in my life. I want to teach because it brings me a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction when I know I am helping another person grow intellectually and as a person. Whether it s inside or outside of the classroom, I will try my best to help my students succeedRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Philosophy1339 Words   |  6 PagesI am a philosopher: always have been, always will be. The moment I stop questioning the world that we currently reside in, I would cease to follow my inquisitive qualities. While there are moments when I accept things for what they truly are, I’m often caught in the act of trying to piece together the world and its elements. Christ has called me to live a unique life. A life where I am told to have a certain type of fait h while maintaining an eternal ideology. How this all works in the end, I cannotRead MoreMy Philosophy And Philosophy Of Personal Educational Philosophy1042 Words   |  5 PagesIt is true that many educators do not know what their educational philosophy is. However it is imperative for educators and future educators to know their personal educational philosophies so that they can be accountable, explain how they teach, what they are doing and why. My personal Educational philosophy is made up of four components; metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. My educational Philosophy Metaphysics (reality) is a combination of realism and idealism, that the mind, spiritRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Educational Philosophy1747 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract My educational philosophy can be summarized in one word â€Å"family†. Every thing can begin and end with the family. This paper examines my personal belief that a student has higher success rate in life when they have a supportive, loving family environment. The primary roles of a mother and father in today’s society are drastically lacking. These particular reasons vary from absentee fathers, overworked single mom, and/or grandparents having to assume the role of parents again. My theory startingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Education1046 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate the information for their own use in the future. Choosing between the four, I would say my philosophical views line up more as an essentialist. My philosophy of education, is that every teacher and student has an environment where they are challenged, yet still encouraged, in their instructional matter and teaching and learning strategies to prepare them to meet the goals set upon them. A philosophy is a search for wisdom in a particular area; it builds a framework of thinking, and guides instructionalRead MorePersonal Philosophy : My Educational Philosophy1452 Words   |  6 Pages When I first set out to write my educational philosophy, I had absolutely no idea what to write about, to be perfectly honest. So, I thought that I would start with the most essential aspect of an educational philosophy: why do I want to become a teacher? The reason why I want to teach is because I want to be able to impact young people’s lives and help them to learn how to become successful citizens in our world. I feel that it is important that no matter what students do with their lives, they

Essay about The Gay and Lesbian Community in the Y...

The Gay and Lesbian Community in the Y Generation As the Y Generation continues to expand its horizons, new trends of tolerance are beginning to shine through. The gay and lesbian community is more readily embraced by today’s generation than by generations in America’s past. More and more people are â€Å"coming out† than ever before, which proves that the gay and lesbian community is gaining acceptance and their rights to equality are slowing increasing, but discrimination is still there. Even though gays and lesbians are more accepted amongst the Y Generation, hate and misunderstanding still exist. There are many misconceptions about the gay and lesbian community, which occur for the most part because society doesn’t take the time to†¦show more content†¦Gabriel Rotello in his article â€Å"Calling All Parents,† underscores this need for parental love by stating that almost all lesbian and gay teens go through a terrible, lonely stage when they feel they have no one to turn to, not even their own family members - sometimes especially not their own family members. It’s a phase that can leave lasting psychological damage even to the vast majority who survive it (112). Gay children are at extremely high risk for anxiety, confusion, despair, and, yes, some even contemplate suicide. In fact, according to a recent study published in the May 1999 issue of Archives of Pediatrics Adolescent Medicine, gay and lesbian youth â€Å"were 3.4 times as likely to have attempted suicide than straight youth.† (487) Can the media play a part to alert parents of gay children to express their love and acceptance before it is too late? We see and hear campaigns about drugs and smoking, but what about homosexuality? Rotello took the plunge and created an ad campaign that warns, â€Å"Millions of American kids are gay and at risk. So talk to your children and let them know you love them, no matter how they choose to love.† (112) The more exposure this sensitive issue receives in the media, the better off families with gay members will be. On another note, the gay and lesbian community is gaining more acceptance in the entertainment industry. Entertainment is something that pertains to everyShow MoreRelatedInfluences of the Perceptions of the LGBT Community2654 Words   |  11 Pagessociety, we have a LGBT community which stand for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. The unique of this community is they like person who are same sex with them, in other word is homosexual. In the past, the acceptance toward same sex love or gay marriage is very low but now the acceptance of the society toward this them is increase. Everyone has their right to love someone they loved, the love they give to their partner is same as how we love the one we loved. They having a ‘gay’ gene and environmentRead MoreCounseling : The Youth Lgbtq1950 Words   |  8 Pagesresult this group is considered to be a high risk population. When communities lack Gay- Straight Alliances also known as GSA adolescents are often shunned and a re forced to hide their sexual orientation in social isolation. Increasing GSA support groups will help LBGTQ youths develop a positive self-image. Why offer counseling to the youth LGBTQ Social isolation is only a fraction of the issues that threatens the gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered an or questioning sexuality youths. ForRead MoreThe Vairety of Orientation, Preferences and Identities2150 Words   |  9 Pagespreferences there are distinct differences in the variety of orientations people can have. Not only are there different types of orientation but also people can have different combinations of orientations. The human psyche is not always black and white, gay and straight; there are shades of grey of what people prefer both sexually and romantically. It is important to realize that. Think of it more as a 3-D cube with parts of some orientations overlapping and blending. 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Prior to and in light of the recent political and culturalRead MoreCampus Carry Laws Will Allow Law Abiding Citizens1242 Words   |  5 PagesIf a person is properly trained with a weapon and they understand proper gun safety, they also know when is the proper time to use a gun, and why it is something that you hope you never have to resort to using; Marsh agrees, he continues by saying: â€Å"[y]ou always have it and hope you never have to use it. If I call 911, it might be 10 minutes before they get here. It might be more. It’s nice to know you have ultimate responsibility for your safety† (qtd. in Phipps). While in a perfect world law enforcementRead MoreReligious Aspects Of The Lati no Culture2746 Words   |  11 Pagesthe religious Latino culture and how it is insensitive towards homosexuality. How having family and social circles that are used to a culture around are perpetuating gender identity against sexuality. First we will talk about the Latino straight communities and how they view sexuality and the Latino rituals. In the book called â€Å"Protect yourself, Respect yourself: Latina girls and sexual identity† by Lorena Garcia talks about how religion has been one of the factors that has had the most impact in LatinoRead MoreThe Human Immune Deficiency Virus1767 Words   |  8 PagesAIDS Fund describes the epidemic as, ‘a universal set of social and structural inequities’. Inequities like poverty, illiteracy levels, homophobia, poor health care, and racial prejudices promote the wide discrepancy of the disease effects in the community. The disease is likely to advance into a devastating stage of AIDS since the groups cannot access health care and mostly they cannot achieve the level of treatment required to reduce the effect of the virus on destroying the cells of immune systemRead MoreOlder Adults3240 Words   |  13 PagesPractitioners, 2002) â€Å"Young old† describe those between the ages of 65-74, â€Å"older old† describes those between the ages of 75 and 84, and oldest old refers to those 85 and older. (APA, Practitioners, 2002) Other important subpopulations include the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) older adults and racially diverse subpopulations. (Aging and Health Report) The ageing LGBT subpopulation is an overlooked part of the older adult population that is rarely addressed (Aging and Health Report.) They haveRead MoreDiversity at Disney5774 Words   |  24 Pagesexamine the messages related to diversity. Disney views the development of a diverse workforce as a business imperative and a catalyst to achieve better performance. They embrace diversity, to better serve their consumers by better reflecting the communities they serve. Disney believes that a diversity of opinions, ideas and perspectives enhances their internal creativity and the company s vitality. They ve been building a workforce representative of the global marketplace in which they operate, whileRead MoreMarketing and Page Ref14698 Words   |  59 Pages Concept Objective: 3-2 19) The three largest generational groups in America are the baby boomers, Generation Xers, and ________. A) seniors B) Millennials C) teens D) tweens E) toddlers Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 71 AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity Skill: Concept Objective: 3-2 20) As a group, ________ are the most affluent Americans. A) baby boomers B) Generation Xers C) the Millennials D) echo boomers E) seniors Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 71 AACSB: Multicultural

Merchant of Venice Dehumanization of Shylock Essay Sample free essay sample

Shakspere on Religious Dehumanization: Bringing Awareness. Not Change Discrimination and hatred across faiths can be frequently become a normal portion of mundane life. and can be hard to eliminate and snuff out. In William Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice. the thought of the â€Å"normality† of mundane biass comes across in interactions and the portraiture of Shylock. a Judaic usurer in Venice. Through Shylock’s character. Shakespeare provides a commentary on how his society has viewed Judaism in a dehumanizing manner for many coevalss. but besides expresses how hard and non in a playwright’s topographic point to alter these social biass. Shakespeare utilizes Shylock’s character as an adversary to Antonio to show how dehumanisation happens to both the culprit and the victim. This commentary begins in the first scene of the drama. when Antonio asks Shylock to impart money for Bassanio’s journey to affect Portia. Even before he meets Antonio. Shylock comments â€Å"how like a bootlicking tavern keeper he looks! / [ Shylock ] hates him for he is a Christian† and that he â€Å"will feed fat the antediluvian score I bear him. / He hates our sacred nation† ( 1. 3. 36-43 ) . Because of the history of bitterness between Christians and Jews. Shylock’s remark shows that â€Å"feeding the fat† to the â€Å"ancient grudge† against Antonio is apparently â€Å"normal† . and that he is unwilling to halt fueling this â€Å"ancient grudge† between faiths. Antonio contributes this same of thought of lodging to position quo when Shylock mentions how â€Å" [ Antonio ] calls [ him ] a heretic. cut-throat dog† ( 1. 3. 106-107 ) . After Shylock lists these atrociousnesss and is bewildered on how Antonio still â€Å"needs [ his ] help† . Antonio makes it clear that he is â€Å"as like to name thee so again/To tongue on thee once more. to reject thee too† ( 1. 3. 107. 125-126 ) . Shakespeare makes an interesting pick to utilize the word â€Å"spurn† . One may believe that it is easy replaceable with â€Å"hate† . However. Shakespeare uses the word to demo that Antonio does non even see Shylock as a hum an worthy of hatred. but in fact as an animate being or object that must be rejected. trampled upon and kicked approximately. The word â€Å"spurn† is intentionally used to demo the elusive bias towards Shylock. By making a foil in Antonio and Shylock’s brush. Shakespeare makes it clear that Antonio and Shylock are non willing to alter. and see no injury in go oning mundane biass against others. Both Shylock and Antonio keep biass against each other. and are antipathetic to admiting each other as peers. Another illustration of Shakespeare exposing numbness to bias is how the characters address Shylock. Throughout the drama. Shylock is referred to by Antonio as â€Å"the devil† . â€Å"a villain† and â€Å"The Hebrew† ; he is seldom addressed by his first name during the full drama ( 1. 3. 93. 95. 174 ) . The term â€Å"devil† is used to depict the â€Å"fallen archangel who [ †¦ ] rebelled and sinned against God† and have been â€Å"cast out into the Earth [ †¦ ] and his angels cast out with him† ( Achtemeier. Rev 12 ) . Harmonizing to Antonio and his imposed beliefs. Shylock absolutely resembles the Satan – Shylock is a money -lender. which is a profession considered to be a wickedness to Christians ( Exodus 22:25 ) . and hence must be â€Å"cast out† from society and degraded in his position as a human being. By attaching sacredly negative and generic words to Shylock. Shakespeare reveals how simple and apparently normal actions can give the affect of complete dehumanisation to a character. To foster show how far the dehumanisation affects Shylock. Shakespeare uses household power kineticss and importance of faith over position. For illustration. Lancelot. Shylock’s Christian inferior household retainer. acts much like Antonio in that he entirely addresses Shylock as â€Å"fiend† . and â€Å"very Satan incarnation† – he seldom even references Shylock’s existent name. and in fact. refers to Shylock as â€Å"the Jew† about 13 times in his introductory scene ( 2. 2. 2. 36. 98 ) . Besides the opposition to name his maestro by his name. Lancelot is disgusted with his very association with Shylock. During his first visual aspect in the drama outside of Shylock’s place. Lancelot equates his connexion to Shylock as a household retainer with â€Å"a mark† and must â€Å"run from this Jew† ( 2. 2. 2. 22 ) . Lancelot does non even want to be associated with Shylock. for â€Å" [ he is ] a Jew if [ he ] function [ s ] the Jew any longer† ( 2. 2. 105 ) . The repeat of â€Å"Jew† alternatively of Shylock’s ain name demonstrates how faith can bear a heavier weight on position. Similar to Lancelot’s state of affairs. Jessica is ashamed of connected to Shylock by blood. When Lancelot negotiations to her about running off and go a Christian man’s retainer. Jessica wishes to â€Å"end this discord [ and ] /Become a Christian† ( 2. 3. 19-20 ) . The word picks of â€Å"strife† and â€Å"run from† in Jessica and Lancelot’s lines show that Shylock is hated by his ain household. even if he technically and financially superior to his girl and retainer in rank. This power reversal shows that in Shakespeare’s society. position of faith is regarded more extremely than fiscal stature and pre-set social gender functions. and can be the most easy targeted for dehumanisation. While The Merchant of Venice points out unmarked minutes of dehumanisation and jobs of spiritual favoritism. the drama besides provides a procedure of re-humanization for Shylock to the audience. After Jessica has run off from Shylock with her Christian suer Lorenzo. Salarino and Solanio. two of Antonio’s friends. get down to mock and diss Shylock as usual. Unlike Shylock’s old sarcastic reactions to the abuses of others. Shylock efforts to appeal to the ethos and poignancy of his tormenters. and finally of the audience ev ery bit good. For the first clip. Shylock compares himself to a Christian as an equal. He merely pleads Salarino and Solanio if he is â€Å"fed with the same nutrient. injury with the same arms. [ †¦ ] healed with the same means. warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? † ( 3. 1. 54-57 ) . The parallel construction and repeat of â€Å"same† in Shylock’s address conveying the audience’s attending to a minute of uniqueness – Shylock is the same as a Christian. and is a human-being. merely like Antonio and the remainder of the characters. and merely like the remainder of the audience. The lone ground Antonio and the audience sees Shylock otherwise is because. as Shylock says it. â€Å"I am a Jew† ( 3. 1. 32 ) . This expressed call for re-humanization is highly clear in the first half of Shylock’s address. and would floor and greatly impact the audience at the clip. Although Shakspere shows his society’s numbness to biass towards Judaism and sheds visible radiation on the thought of re-humanization through Shylock’s address. he besides makes a point that he is non the 1 that should originate the alteration of mentality. Right after Shylock emotionally breaks down with his traveling address about re-humanization and th e sameness between two civilizations. he apparently becomes more nefarious and vindictive. He asks Salarino and Solanio. â€Å"If you wrong us. shall we non avenge? If we are like you in the remainder. we resemble you in that. If a Christian wrong a Jew. what should his sufferance be by Christian illustration? Why. retaliation! † ( 3. 1. 60-83 ) . Shylock uses his similarities statement to turn out that he has a right to seek retaliation from Antonio. He argues that if he is like a Christian. and experiences life merely like a Christian. he is allowed to avenge another as a Christian would. While acknowledging the pleasant and sort facets Christians and Jews portion. Shylock makes the point that they besides portion the more unfortunate traits of world. By altering the tone of the transition and doing the audience and the other characters uncomfortable with the fact that they may portion many more traits than expected with the play’s scoundrel. Shakespeare re-iterates his point from the first brush with Antonio and Shylock – although these biass exist among world. it is hard to take them because of the nature of world. Shakespeare can make a character like Shylock to assist demo the audience their ain defects and social jobs. but is up to the audience to believe about the characters put away in forepart of them in order to alter and take the jobs in their society. The Merchant of Venice acts a mirror. as do many of Shakespeare’s dramas. Shakespeare creates a commentary about the society he lives in. non a motion to alter the society he lives in. Much like many creative persons during a clip of blazing bias. Shakespeare acts a courier of dehumanisation. non an militant. He leaves the activism and contemplation to his audience. and efficaciously makes them re-think what seems â€Å"normal† to their mundane lives. Shakespeare’s Shylock is the start of alteration. but non the alteration itself. Plants Cited Achtemeier. Paul J. â€Å"Fallen Angels. † Harper’s Bible Dictionary. San Francisco: Harper. 1985. N. pag. Print. Good News Bible. Trans. Susan Lightly. N. p. : n. p. . n. d. Print. Good News Bible. Moore. Gary. â€Å"Is Charging Interest Sinful? † The Christian Science Monitor. N. p. . n. d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. csmonitor. com/Commentary/Opinion/2008/0812/p09s01-coop. hypertext markup language gt ; .